Matka, matrona, dama. Trzy wizerunki kobiety godnej szacunku w ujęciu diachronicznym

Abstrakt

Among Polish names of women which hold the highest rank in the value system are those denoting ‘mother’, as well as ‘heroine’, the religious ‘martyress’, and the relatively recent ‘diva’, among others. The name matrona (‘matron’) derives from the Latin mater. It has occurred since the early Middle Ages in Latin texts found on Polish territories, from which it has been incorporated into the Polish language. The word had its moment of fame in the Romantic period. Nowadays, it is almost out of use. Dama (‘lady’) stems from the Latin domina, a word which had found its place in many European languages, mostly as a honorific title. It had been reformulated and shortened in Latin; then in some Romance languages it took the form similar to donna. It was probably transferred into Polish from the French dame in the 17th century. It continues to be widely used at present, most significantly so in the phrase denoting the ‘first lady’ (the equivalent of the Italian prima donna). Matrona is a word which represents moral values, while ‘lady’ connotes representative and social ones.